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Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 11:47:19 -0700
From: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
To: Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Christoph Lameter <cl@...ux.com>,
Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@...gle.com>,
Kostya Serebryany <kcc@...gle.com>,
Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>,
Sandeep Patil <sspatil@...roid.com>,
Laura Abbott <labbott@...hat.com>, Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>,
Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>, linux-mm@...ck.org,
linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org,
kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH v5 3/3] lib: introduce test_meminit module
On Wed, May 29, 2019 at 02:38:12PM +0200, Alexander Potapenko wrote:
> Add tests for heap and pagealloc initialization.
> These can be used to check init_on_alloc and init_on_free implementations
> as well as other approaches to initialization.
>
> Expected test output in the case the kernel provides heap initialization
> (e.g. when running with either init_on_alloc=1 or init_on_free=1):
>
> test_meminit: all 10 tests in test_pages passed
> test_meminit: all 40 tests in test_kvmalloc passed
> test_meminit: all 60 tests in test_kmemcache passed
> test_meminit: all 10 tests in test_rcu_persistent passed
> test_meminit: all 120 tests passed!
>
> Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>
Yay tests :)
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
After this series lands, we can start looking at methods to provide
better tuning interfaces.
One idea I had for the page allocator (i.e. based on the prior identified
skb improvements) would be to give a "page filler" callback to the page
allocator. If the page filler was NULL, it would just zero it. This
might provide the best way to hook these things up.
For the slab, I think just having zeroing stats visible (as done in
grsecurity) combined with a list of slab names to be excluded read from
a boot param would get us full flexibility on the slab side of things.
And if a "commonly recognized list of excluded slabs" were identified,
we can just use that list by default.
-Kees
> To: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
> To: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
> To: Christoph Lameter <cl@...ux.com>
> Cc: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@...gle.com>
> Cc: Kostya Serebryany <kcc@...gle.com>
> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>
> Cc: Sandeep Patil <sspatil@...roid.com>
> Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@...hat.com>
> Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>
> Cc: Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>
> Cc: linux-mm@...ck.org
> Cc: linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org
> Cc: kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
> ---
> v3:
> - added example test output to the description
> - fixed a missing include spotted by kbuild test robot <lkp@...el.com>
> - added a missing MODULE_LICENSE
> - call do_kmem_cache_size() with size >= sizeof(void*) to unbreak
> debug builds
> v5:
> - added tests for RCU slabs and __GFP_ZERO
> ---
> lib/Kconfig.debug | 8 +
> lib/Makefile | 1 +
> lib/test_meminit.c | 362 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> 3 files changed, 371 insertions(+)
> create mode 100644 lib/test_meminit.c
>
> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug
> index cbdfae379896..085711f14abf 100644
> --- a/lib/Kconfig.debug
> +++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug
> @@ -2040,6 +2040,14 @@ config TEST_STACKINIT
>
> If unsure, say N.
>
> +config TEST_MEMINIT
> + tristate "Test heap/page initialization"
> + help
> + Test if the kernel is zero-initializing heap and page allocations.
> + This can be useful to test init_on_alloc and init_on_free features.
> +
> + If unsure, say N.
> +
> endif # RUNTIME_TESTING_MENU
>
> config MEMTEST
> diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
> index fb7697031a79..05980c802500 100644
> --- a/lib/Makefile
> +++ b/lib/Makefile
> @@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_DEBUG_VIRTUAL) += test_debug_virtual.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_MEMCAT_P) += test_memcat_p.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_OBJAGG) += test_objagg.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_STACKINIT) += test_stackinit.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_MEMINIT) += test_meminit.o
>
> obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_LIVEPATCH) += livepatch/
>
> diff --git a/lib/test_meminit.c b/lib/test_meminit.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..ed7efec1387b
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/lib/test_meminit.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/*
> + * Test cases for SL[AOU]B/page initialization at alloc/free time.
> + */
> +#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
> +
> +#include <linux/init.h>
> +#include <linux/kernel.h>
> +#include <linux/mm.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <linux/slab.h>
> +#include <linux/string.h>
> +#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
> +
> +#define GARBAGE_INT (0x09A7BA9E)
> +#define GARBAGE_BYTE (0x9E)
> +
> +#define REPORT_FAILURES_IN_FN() \
> + do { \
> + if (failures) \
> + pr_info("%s failed %d out of %d times\n", \
> + __func__, failures, num_tests); \
> + else \
> + pr_info("all %d tests in %s passed\n", \
> + num_tests, __func__); \
> + } while (0)
> +
> +/* Calculate the number of uninitialized bytes in the buffer. */
> +static int __init count_nonzero_bytes(void *ptr, size_t size)
> +{
> + int i, ret = 0;
> + unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)ptr;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
> + if (p[i])
> + ret++;
> + return ret;
> +}
> +
> +/* Fill a buffer with garbage, skipping |skip| first bytes. */
> +static void __init fill_with_garbage_skip(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t skip)
> +{
> + unsigned int *p = (unsigned int *)ptr;
> + int i = 0;
> +
> + if (skip) {
> + WARN_ON(skip > size);
> + p += skip;
> + }
> + while (size >= sizeof(*p)) {
> + p[i] = GARBAGE_INT;
> + i++;
> + size -= sizeof(*p);
> + }
> + if (size)
> + memset(&p[i], GARBAGE_BYTE, size);
> +}
> +
> +static void __init fill_with_garbage(void *ptr, size_t size)
> +{
> + fill_with_garbage_skip(ptr, size, 0);
> +}
> +
> +static int __init do_alloc_pages_order(int order, int *total_failures)
> +{
> + struct page *page;
> + void *buf;
> + size_t size = PAGE_SIZE << order;
> +
> + page = alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL, order);
> + buf = page_address(page);
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + __free_pages(page, order);
> +
> + page = alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL, order);
> + buf = page_address(page);
> + if (count_nonzero_bytes(buf, size))
> + (*total_failures)++;
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + __free_pages(page, order);
> + return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/* Test the page allocator by calling alloc_pages with different orders. */
> +static int __init test_pages(int *total_failures)
> +{
> + int failures = 0, num_tests = 0;
> + int i;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
> + num_tests += do_alloc_pages_order(i, &failures);
> +
> + REPORT_FAILURES_IN_FN();
> + *total_failures += failures;
> + return num_tests;
> +}
> +
> +/* Test kmalloc() with given parameters. */
> +static int __init do_kmalloc_size(size_t size, int *total_failures)
> +{
> + void *buf;
> +
> + buf = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + kfree(buf);
> +
> + buf = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (count_nonzero_bytes(buf, size))
> + (*total_failures)++;
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + kfree(buf);
> + return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/* Test vmalloc() with given parameters. */
> +static int __init do_vmalloc_size(size_t size, int *total_failures)
> +{
> + void *buf;
> +
> + buf = vmalloc(size);
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + vfree(buf);
> +
> + buf = vmalloc(size);
> + if (count_nonzero_bytes(buf, size))
> + (*total_failures)++;
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + vfree(buf);
> + return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/* Test kmalloc()/vmalloc() by allocating objects of different sizes. */
> +static int __init test_kvmalloc(int *total_failures)
> +{
> + int failures = 0, num_tests = 0;
> + int i, size;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
> + size = 1 << i;
> + num_tests += do_kmalloc_size(size, &failures);
> + num_tests += do_vmalloc_size(size, &failures);
> + }
> +
> + REPORT_FAILURES_IN_FN();
> + *total_failures += failures;
> + return num_tests;
> +}
> +
> +#define CTOR_BYTES (sizeof(unsigned int))
> +#define CTOR_PATTERN (0x41414141)
> +/* Initialize the first 4 bytes of the object. */
> +static void test_ctor(void *obj)
> +{
> + *(unsigned int *)obj = CTOR_PATTERN;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Check the invariants for the buffer allocated from a slab cache.
> + * If the cache has a test constructor, the first 4 bytes of the object must
> + * always remain equal to CTOR_PATTERN.
> + * If the cache isn't an RCU-typesafe one, or if the allocation is done with
> + * __GFP_ZERO, then the object contents must be zeroed after allocation.
> + * If the cache is an RCU-typesafe one, the object contents must never be
> + * zeroed after the first use. This is checked by memcmp() in
> + * do_kmem_cache_size().
> + */
> +static bool __init check_buf(void *buf, int size, bool want_ctor,
> + bool want_rcu, bool want_zero)
> +{
> + int bytes;
> + bool fail = false;
> +
> + bytes = count_nonzero_bytes(buf, size);
> + WARN_ON(want_ctor && want_zero);
> + if (want_zero)
> + return bytes;
> + if (want_ctor) {
> + if (*(unsigned int *)buf != CTOR_PATTERN)
> + fail = 1;
> + } else {
> + if (bytes)
> + fail = !want_rcu;
> + }
> + return fail;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Test kmem_cache with given parameters:
> + * want_ctor - use a constructor;
> + * want_rcu - use SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU;
> + * want_zero - use __GFP_ZERO.
> + */
> +static int __init do_kmem_cache_size(size_t size, bool want_ctor,
> + bool want_rcu, bool want_zero,
> + int *total_failures)
> +{
> + struct kmem_cache *c;
> + int iter;
> + bool fail = false;
> + gfp_t alloc_mask = GFP_KERNEL | (want_zero ? __GFP_ZERO : 0);
> + void *buf, *buf_copy;
> +
> + c = kmem_cache_create("test_cache", size, 1,
> + want_rcu ? SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU : 0,
> + want_ctor ? test_ctor : NULL);
> + for (iter = 0; iter < 10; iter++) {
> + buf = kmem_cache_alloc(c, alloc_mask);
> + /* Check that buf is zeroed, if it must be. */
> + fail = check_buf(buf, size, want_ctor, want_rcu, want_zero);
> + fill_with_garbage_skip(buf, size, want_ctor ? CTOR_BYTES : 0);
> + /*
> + * If this is an RCU cache, use a critical section to ensure we
> + * can touch objects after they're freed.
> + */
> + if (want_rcu) {
> + rcu_read_lock();
> + /*
> + * Copy the buffer to check that it's not wiped on
> + * free().
> + */
> + buf_copy = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (buf_copy)
> + memcpy(buf_copy, buf, size);
> + }
> + kmem_cache_free(c, buf);
> + if (want_rcu) {
> + /*
> + * Check that |buf| is intact after kmem_cache_free().
> + * |want_zero| is false, because we wrote garbage to
> + * the buffer already.
> + */
> + fail |= check_buf(buf, size, want_ctor, want_rcu,
> + false);
> + if (buf_copy) {
> + fail |= (bool)memcmp(buf, buf_copy, size);
> + kfree(buf_copy);
> + }
> + rcu_read_unlock();
> + }
> + }
> + kmem_cache_destroy(c);
> +
> + *total_failures += fail;
> + return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Check that the data written to an RCU-allocated object survives
> + * reallocation.
> + */
> +static int __init do_kmem_cache_rcu_persistent(int size, int *total_failures)
> +{
> + struct kmem_cache *c;
> + void *buf, *buf_contents, *saved_ptr;
> + void **used_objects;
> + int i, iter, maxiter = 1024;
> + bool fail = false;
> +
> + c = kmem_cache_create("test_cache", size, size, SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU,
> + NULL);
> + buf = kmem_cache_alloc(c, GFP_KERNEL);
> + saved_ptr = buf;
> + fill_with_garbage(buf, size);
> + buf_contents = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (!buf_contents)
> + goto out;
> + used_objects = kmalloc_array(maxiter, sizeof(void *), GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (!used_objects) {
> + kfree(buf_contents);
> + goto out;
> + }
> + memcpy(buf_contents, buf, size);
> + kmem_cache_free(c, buf);
> + /*
> + * Run for a fixed number of iterations. If we never hit saved_ptr,
> + * assume the test passes.
> + */
> + for (iter = 0; iter < maxiter; iter++) {
> + buf = kmem_cache_alloc(c, GFP_KERNEL);
> + used_objects[iter] = buf;
> + if (buf == saved_ptr) {
> + fail = memcmp(buf_contents, buf, size);
> + for (i = 0; i <= iter; i++)
> + kmem_cache_free(c, used_objects[i]);
> + goto free_out;
> + }
> + }
> +
> +free_out:
> + kmem_cache_destroy(c);
> + kfree(buf_contents);
> + kfree(used_objects);
> +out:
> + *total_failures += fail;
> + return 1;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Test kmem_cache allocation by creating caches of different sizes, with and
> + * without constructors, with and without SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU.
> + */
> +static int __init test_kmemcache(int *total_failures)
> +{
> + int failures = 0, num_tests = 0;
> + int i, flags, size;
> + bool ctor, rcu, zero;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
> + size = 8 << i;
> + for (flags = 0; flags < 8; flags++) {
> + ctor = flags & 1;
> + rcu = flags & 2;
> + zero = flags & 4;
> + if (ctor & zero)
> + continue;
> + num_tests += do_kmem_cache_size(size, ctor, rcu, zero,
> + &failures);
> + }
> + }
> + REPORT_FAILURES_IN_FN();
> + *total_failures += failures;
> + return num_tests;
> +}
> +
> +/* Test the behavior of SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU caches of different sizes. */
> +static int __init test_rcu_persistent(int *total_failures)
> +{
> + int failures = 0, num_tests = 0;
> + int i, size;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
> + size = 8 << i;
> + num_tests += do_kmem_cache_rcu_persistent(size, &failures);
> + }
> + REPORT_FAILURES_IN_FN();
> + *total_failures += failures;
> + return num_tests;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Run the tests. Each test function returns the number of executed tests and
> + * updates |failures| with the number of failed tests.
> + */
> +static int __init test_meminit_init(void)
> +{
> + int failures = 0, num_tests = 0;
> +
> + num_tests += test_pages(&failures);
> + num_tests += test_kvmalloc(&failures);
> + num_tests += test_kmemcache(&failures);
> + num_tests += test_rcu_persistent(&failures);
> +
> + if (failures == 0)
> + pr_info("all %d tests passed!\n", num_tests);
> + else
> + pr_info("failures: %d out of %d\n", failures, num_tests);
> +
> + return failures ? -EINVAL : 0;
> +}
> +module_init(test_meminit_init);
> +
> +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
> --
> 2.22.0.rc1.257.g3120a18244-goog
>
--
Kees Cook
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