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Date: Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:37:20 +0800
From: Lin Horse <kylin.formalin@...il.com>
To: oss-security@...ts.openwall.com
Subject: CVE-2021-3760: Linux kernel: Use-After-Free vulnerability of ndev->rf_conn_info object
Hello there,
Our team found a UAF vulnerability of ndev->rf_conn_info object in the
kernel NFC stack. The root cause is that ndev->rf_conn_info is forgotten to
set to NULL when the object is released.
=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= BUG DETAILS =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
We will talk about the ALLOC routine, the FREE routine, and the UAF routine.
>>>>>>>> ALLOC routine <<<<<<<<
With dynamic debugging, I found the object allocation routine is like below
.. -> nci_recv_frame()
-> nci_rx_work()
-> nci_rsp_packet()
-> nci_rf_disc_rsp_packet()
-> devm_kzalloc()
The function nci_rf_disc_rsp_packet() is like below
static void nci_rf_disc_rsp_packet(struct nci_dev *ndev, struct sk_buff
*skb)
{
struct nci_conn_info *conn_info;
__u8 status = skb->data[0];
pr_debug("status 0x%x\n", status);
if (status == NCI_STATUS_OK) {
atomic_set(&ndev->state, NCI_DISCOVERY);
conn_info = ndev->rf_conn_info;
if (!conn_info) {
conn_info = devm_kzalloc(&ndev->nfc_dev->dev, /* ALLOCATING */
sizeof(struct nci_conn_info),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!conn_info) {
status = NCI_STATUS_REJECTED;
goto exit;
}
conn_info->conn_id = NCI_STATIC_RF_CONN_ID;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&conn_info->list);
list_add(&conn_info->list, &ndev->conn_info_list);
ndev->rf_conn_info = conn_info;
}
}
exit:
nci_req_complete(ndev, status);
}
This function will allocate nci_conn_info object if the ndev->rf_conn_info
is NULL. It will also update conn_info->conn_id and add this info data to
ndev->conn_info_list. The ndev->rf_conn_info will be set to this newly
allocated object at last.
>>>>>>>> FREE routine <<<<<<<<
We now know that the conn_info is created when the sent discovery packet is
replied to. How about the deallocation? By reading through the source code,
we will find out the deallocation site is in nci_core_conn_close_rsp_packet()
function.
.. -> nci_recv_frame()
-> nci_rx_work()
-> nci_rsp_packet()
-> nci_core_conn_close_rsp_packet()
-> devm_kfree()
static void nci_core_conn_close_rsp_packet(struct nci_dev *ndev,
struct sk_buff *skb)
{
struct nci_conn_info *conn_info;
__u8 status = skb->data[0];
pr_debug("status 0x%x\n", status);
if (status == NCI_STATUS_OK) {
conn_info = nci_get_conn_info_by_conn_id(ndev,
ndev->cur_conn_id);
if (conn_info) {
list_del(&conn_info->list);
devm_kfree(&ndev->nfc_dev->dev, conn_info);
}
}
nci_req_complete(ndev, status);
}
This function will call devm_kfree() to release conn_info, which is
obtained in function nci_get_conn_info_by_conn_id() with given conn_id.
(The cur_conn_id can be set in nci_send_data() function,
nci_nfcc_loopback() function and nci_core_conn_close() function).
In another word, the ndev->cur_conn_id is possible be NCI_STATIC_RF_CONN_ID
(0x00). That is, the devm_kfree() is possibly make the ndev->rf_conn_info a
dangling pointer.
>>>>>>>> UAF routine <<<<<<<<
We can find code side that dereference the dangling pointer
ndev->rf_conn_info. For example, the nci_rf_intf_activated_ntf_packet()
function.
static void nci_rf_intf_activated_ntf_packet(struct nci_dev *ndev,
struct sk_buff *skb)
{
/* ... */
exit:
if (err == NCI_STATUS_OK) {
conn_info = ndev->rf_conn_info;
if (!conn_info) // This check is failed
return;
conn_info->max_pkt_payload_len =
ntf.max_data_pkt_payload_size;
conn_info->initial_num_credits = ntf.initial_num_credits;
/* ... */
}
As we can see, this function will check if the pointer ndev->rf_conn_info
is NULL. However, this check is failed because the ndev->rf_conn_info is
not set to NULL even if the object is released.
(In fact, I didn't find any code like ndev->rf_conn_info = NULL in the
kernel source code).
Hence, the following dereference of max_pkt_payload_len and
initial_num_credits will cause UAF write.
=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= BUG EFFECTS =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
Below we provide the report from KASan.
[ 42.075031] ============================================================
======
[ 42.075705] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in nci_ntf_packet+0x279a/0x2fd0
[ 42.076322] Write of size 1 at addr ffff888009cad9c2 by task
kworker/u2:1/43
[ 42.076976]
[ 42.077126] CPU: 0 PID: 43 Comm: kworker/u2:1 Not tainted 5.13.1+ #26
[ 42.077732] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS
rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
[ 42.078800] Workqueue: nfc2_nci_rx_wq nci_rx_work
[ 42.079244] Call Trace:
[ 42.079482] dump_stack+0x157/0x1ae
[ 42.079820] print_address_description+0x7b/0x3a0
[ 42.080265] __kasan_report+0x14d/0x240
[ 42.080628] ? nci_ntf_packet+0x279a/0x2fd0
[ 42.081022] kasan_report+0x45/0x60
[ 42.081353] nci_ntf_packet+0x279a/0x2fd0
[ 42.081738] ? nfc_send_to_raw_sock+0x237/0x260
[ 42.082165] ? skb_dequeue+0x10f/0x140
[ 42.082524] nci_rx_work+0x140/0x280
[ 42.082871] process_one_work+0x7b1/0x1060
[ 42.083264] worker_thread+0xa56/0x1270
[ 42.083627] ? __schedule+0xc39/0x11d0
[ 42.083984] ? process_one_work+0x1060/0x1060
[ 42.084394] kthread+0x2ee/0x310
[ 42.084701] ? process_one_work+0x1060/0x1060
[ 42.085111] ? kthread_unuse_mm+0x1a0/0x1a0
[ 42.085505] ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
[ 42.085851]
[ 42.085999] Allocated by task 0:
[ 42.086307] (stack is not available)
[ 42.086643]
[ 42.086791] Freed by task 7:
[ 42.087064] kasan_set_track+0x3d/0x70
[ 42.087419] kasan_set_free_info+0x1f/0x40
[ 42.087804] ____kasan_slab_free+0x111/0x150
[ 42.088204] kfree+0xf6/0x2d0
[ 42.088488] nci_rsp_packet+0x119f/0x2060
[ 42.088865] nci_rx_work+0x102/0x280
[ 42.089203] process_one_work+0x7b1/0x1060
[ 42.089588] worker_thread+0xa56/0x1270
[ 42.089954] kthread+0x2ee/0x310
[ 42.090261] ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
[ 42.090600]
[ 42.090747] The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888009cad980
[ 42.090747] which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128
[ 42.091894] The buggy address is located 66 bytes inside of
[ 42.091894] 128-byte region [ffff888009cad980, ffff888009cada00)
[ 42.092964] The buggy address belongs to the page:
[ 42.093411] page:000000005b218ee6 refcount:1 mapcount:0
mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x9cac
[ 42.094269] head:000000005b218ee6 order:1 compound_mapcount:0
[ 42.094803] flags: 0x100000000010200(slab|head|node=0|zone=1)
[ 42.095340] raw: 0100000000010200 ffffea00004bf308 ffff888005c40e70
ffff888005c431c0
[ 42.096055] raw: 0000000000000000 00000000000c000c 00000001ffffffff
0000000000000000
[ 42.096769] page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
[ 42.097285]
[ 42.097432] Memory state around the buggy address:
[ 42.097885] ffff888009cad880: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
fc fc
[ 42.098553] ffff888009cad900: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
fc fc
[ 42.099218] >ffff888009cad980: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
fb fb
[ 42.099885] ^
[ 42.100379] ffff888009cada00: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
fc fc
[ 42.101047] ffff888009cada80: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
fc fc
[ 42.101720] ============================================================
======
[ 42.102385] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
In function nci_rf_intf_activated_ntf_packet(), the attacker is able to
corrupt 6 bytes of one released slub object.
Though it sounds very limited. But the write position (66 - 71 th bytes)
happens to be the metadata of a kmalloc-128 object. That is to say, one
skillful attack can use this UAF write primitive to corrupt the slub free
list to gain more powerful primitive like arbitrary address allocating.
=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= BUG REPRODUCE =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
This UAF bug, in some perspective, is not easy to trigger. These three
routines are the interaction between the kernel NFC stack and the
underlying NFC controller. That is to say, the attacker may need to
compromise one real hardware controller before he can send these malicious
NFC packets.
(P.S. This bug is found by fuzzing whose threat model is assuming the
controller is already be compromised. I didn't test if this bug can be
triggered remotely using a normal controller).
However, similar to some bugs I found in the Bluetooth stack, I found that
the NFC controller can also be simulated in userspace when the attacker
gains NET_ADMIN privilege. And this is proven to be possible!!
Hence, this bug reproducing can be achieved using the virtual_nfc driver or
the UART device simulation. The POC code for the second choice is provided
as an attachment to allow everyone to trigger this crash.
In a nutshell, the malicious controller only needs to send three packets:
1. nci_rf_disc_rsp_packet: this will awake ALLOC routine.
2. nci_core_conn_close_rsp_packet: this will awake FREE routine.
3. nci_rf_intf_activated_ntf_packet: this will cause UAF.
=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= Timeline =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
2021-09-01 Report to security and linux-distro
2021-09-01 CVE-2021-3760 assigned
2021-10-26 patch upstream
Sorry for the delay of this report T.T
Best wishes
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