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Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 12:58:20 +0100
From: Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>
To: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@...el.com>, x86@...nel.org,
Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>, Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>,
Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>,
Alexander Popov <alex.popov@...ux.com>,
Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org>,
Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>, Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>,
David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>,
Mike Rapoport <rppt@...ux.ibm.com>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@...radead.org>,
kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com,
linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org,
linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-mm@...ck.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@...llo.nl>,
Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v7 4/6] x86/entry: Enable random_kstack_offset support
* Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:
> Allow for a randomized stack offset on a per-syscall basis, with roughly
> 5-6 bits of entropy, depending on compiler and word size. Since the
> method of offsetting uses macros, this cannot live in the common entry
> code (the stack offset needs to be retained for the life of the syscall,
> which means it needs to happen at the actual entry point).
> __visible noinstr void do_syscall_64(unsigned long nr, struct pt_regs *regs)
> {
> + add_random_kstack_offset();
> nr = syscall_enter_from_user_mode(regs, nr);
> @@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ __visible noinstr void do_int80_syscall_32(struct pt_regs *regs)
> {
> unsigned int nr = syscall_32_enter(regs);
>
> + add_random_kstack_offset();
> unsigned int nr = syscall_32_enter(regs);
> int res;
>
> + add_random_kstack_offset();
> @@ -70,6 +71,13 @@ static inline void arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare(struct pt_regs *regs,
> */
> current_thread_info()->status &= ~(TS_COMPAT | TS_I386_REGS_POKED);
> #endif
> +
> + /*
> + * x86_64 stack alignment means 3 bits are ignored, so keep
> + * the top 5 bits. x86_32 needs only 2 bits of alignment, so
> + * the top 6 bits will be used.
> + */
> + choose_random_kstack_offset(rdtsc() & 0xFF);
> }
1)
Wondering why the calculation of the kstack offset (which happens in
every syscall) is separated from the entry-time logic and happens
during return to user-space?
The two methods:
+#define add_random_kstack_offset() do { \
+ if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT, \
+ &randomize_kstack_offset)) { \
+ u32 offset = this_cpu_read(kstack_offset); \
+ u8 *ptr = __builtin_alloca(offset & 0x3FF); \
+ asm volatile("" : "=m"(*ptr) :: "memory"); \
+ } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define choose_random_kstack_offset(rand) do { \
+ if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT, \
+ &randomize_kstack_offset)) { \
+ u32 offset = this_cpu_read(kstack_offset); \
+ offset ^= (rand); \
+ this_cpu_write(kstack_offset, offset); \
+ } \
+} while (0)
choose_random_kstack_offset() basically calculates the offset and
stores it in a percpu variable (mixing it with the previous offset
value), add_random_kstack_offset() uses it in an alloca() dynamic
stack allocation.
Wouldn't it be (slightly) lower combined overhead to just do it in a
single step? There would be duplication along the 3 syscall entry
points, but this should be marginal as this looks small, and the entry
points would probably be cache-hot.
2)
Another detail I noticed: add_random_kstack_offset() limits the offset
to 0x3ff, or 1k - 10 bits.
But the RDTSC mask is 0xff, 8 bits:
+ /*
+ * x86_64 stack alignment means 3 bits are ignored, so keep
+ * the top 5 bits. x86_32 needs only 2 bits of alignment, so
+ * the top 6 bits will be used.
+ */
+ choose_random_kstack_offset(rdtsc() & 0xFF);
alloca() itself works in byte units and will round the allocation to 8
bytes on x86-64, to 4 bytes on x86-32, this is what the 'ignored bits'
reference in the comment is to, right?
Why is there a 0x3ff mask for the alloca() call and a 0xff mask to the
RDTSC randomizing value? Shouldn't the two be synced up? Or was the
intention to shift the RDTSC value to the left by 3 bits?
3)
Finally, kstack_offset is a percpu variable:
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
...
DEFINE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
This is inherited across tasks on scheduling, and new syscalls will
mix in new RDTSC values to continue to randomize the offset.
Wouldn't it make sense to further mix values into this across context
switching boundaries? A really inexpensive way would be to take the
kernel stack value and mix it into the offset, and maybe even the
randomized t->stack_canary value?
This would further isolate the syscall kernel stack offsets of
separate execution contexts from each other, should an attacker find a
way to estimate or influence likely RDTSC values.
Thanks,
Ingo
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