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Date: Tue, 30 Jul 2019 18:53:02 -0700
From: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@...radead.org>
To: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Andy Lutomirski <luto@...capital.net>,
Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@...nel.org>,
Casey Schaufler <casey@...aufler-ca.com>,
Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>, David Drysdale
<drysdale@...gle.com>, "David S . Miller" <davem@...emloft.net>,
"Eric W . Biederman" <ebiederm@...ssion.com>,
James Morris <jmorris@...ei.org>, Jann Horn <jann@...jh.net>,
John Johansen <john.johansen@...onical.com>, Jonathan Corbet
<corbet@....net>, Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@...il.com>,
Mickaël Salaün <mickael.salaun@....gouv.fr>,
Paul Moore <paul@...l-moore.com>, Sargun Dhillon <sargun@...gun.me>,
"Serge E . Hallyn" <serge@...lyn.com>, Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>,
Stephen Smalley <sds@...ho.nsa.gov>, Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>,
Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@...ove.SAKURA.ne.jp>,
Thomas Graf <tgraf@...g.ch>, Tycho Andersen <tycho@...ho.ws>,
Will Drewry <wad@...omium.org>, kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com,
linux-api@...r.kernel.org, linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org, netdev@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH bpf-next v10 10/10] landlock: Add user and kernel
documentation for Landlock
On 7/21/19 2:31 PM, Mickaël Salaün wrote:
> This documentation can be built with the Sphinx framework.
>
> Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>
> Cc: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>
> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@...capital.net>
> Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>
> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@...emloft.net>
> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@...ei.org>
> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>
> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
> Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serge@...lyn.com>
> ---
>
> Changes since v9:
> * update with expected attach type and expected attach triggers
>
> Changes since v8:
> * remove documentation related to chaining and tagging according to this
> patch series
>
> Changes since v7:
> * update documentation according to the Landlock revamp
>
> Changes since v6:
> * add a check for ctx->event
> * rename BPF_PROG_TYPE_LANDLOCK to BPF_PROG_TYPE_LANDLOCK_RULE
> * rename Landlock version to ABI to better reflect its purpose and add a
> dedicated changelog section
> * update tables
> * relax no_new_privs recommendations
> * remove ABILITY_WRITE related functions
> * reword rule "appending" to "prepending" and explain it
> * cosmetic fixes
>
> Changes since v5:
> * update the rule hierarchy inheritance explanation
> * briefly explain ctx->arg2
> * add ptrace restrictions
> * explain EPERM
> * update example (subtype)
> * use ":manpage:"
> ---
> Documentation/security/index.rst | 1 +
> Documentation/security/landlock/index.rst | 20 +++
> Documentation/security/landlock/kernel.rst | 99 ++++++++++++++
> Documentation/security/landlock/user.rst | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++
> 4 files changed, 267 insertions(+)
> create mode 100644 Documentation/security/landlock/index.rst
> create mode 100644 Documentation/security/landlock/kernel.rst
> create mode 100644 Documentation/security/landlock/user.rst
> diff --git a/Documentation/security/landlock/kernel.rst b/Documentation/security/landlock/kernel.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..7d1e06d544bf
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/security/landlock/kernel.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
> +==============================
> +Landlock: kernel documentation
> +==============================
> +
> +eBPF properties
> +===============
> +
> +To get an expressive language while still being safe and small, Landlock is
> +based on eBPF. Landlock should be usable by untrusted processes and must
> +therefore expose a minimal attack surface. The eBPF bytecode is minimal,
> +powerful, widely used and designed to be used by untrusted applications. Thus,
> +reusing the eBPF support in the kernel enables a generic approach while
> +minimizing new code.
> +
> +An eBPF program has access to an eBPF context containing some fields used to
> +inspect the current object. These arguments can be used directly (e.g. cookie)
> +or passed to helper functions according to their types (e.g. inode pointer). It
> +is then possible to do complex access checks without race conditions or
> +inconsistent evaluation (i.e. `incorrect mirroring of the OS code and state
> +<https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss2003/traps-and-pitfalls-practical-problems-system-call-interposition-based-security-tools/>`_).
> +
> +A Landlock hook describes a particular access type. For now, there is two
there are two
> +hooks dedicated to filesystem related operations: LANDLOCK_HOOK_FS_PICK and
> +LANDLOCK_HOOK_FS_WALK. A Landlock program is tied to one hook. This makes it
> +possible to statically check context accesses, potentially performed by such
> +program, and hence prevents kernel address leaks and ensure the right use of
ensures
> +hook arguments with eBPF functions. Any user can add multiple Landlock
> +programs per Landlock hook. They are stacked and evaluated one after the
> +other, starting from the most recent program, as seccomp-bpf does with its
> +filters. Underneath, a hook is an abstraction over a set of LSM hooks.
> +
> +
> +Guiding principles
> +==================
> +
> +Unprivileged use
> +----------------
> +
> +* Landlock helpers and context should be usable by any unprivileged and
> + untrusted program while following the system security policy enforced by
> + other access control mechanisms (e.g. DAC, LSM).
> +
> +
> +Landlock hook and context
> +-------------------------
> +
> +* A Landlock hook shall be focused on access control on kernel objects instead
> + of syscall filtering (i.e. syscall arguments), which is the purpose of
> + seccomp-bpf.
> +* A Landlock context provided by a hook shall express the minimal and more
> + generic interface to control an access for a kernel object.
> +* A hook shall guaranty that all the BPF function calls from a program are> + safe. Thus, the related Landlock context arguments shall always be of the
> + same type for a particular hook. For example, a network hook could share
> + helpers with a file hook because of UNIX socket. However, the same helpers
> + may not be compatible for a file system handle and a net handle.
> +* Multiple hooks may use the same context interface.
> +
> +
> +Landlock helpers
> +----------------
> +
> +* Landlock helpers shall be as generic as possible while at the same time being
> + as simple as possible and following the syscall creation principles (cf.
> + *Documentation/adding-syscalls.txt*).
> +* The only behavior change allowed on a helper is to fix a (logical) bug to
> + match the initial semantic.
> +* Helpers shall be reentrant, i.e. only take inputs from arguments (e.g. from
> + the BPF context), to enable a hook to use a cache. Future program options
> + might change this cache behavior.
> +* It is quite easy to add new helpers to extend Landlock. The main concern
> + should be about the possibility to leak information from the kernel that may
> + not be accessible otherwise (i.e. side-channel attack).
> +
> +
> +Questions and answers
> +=====================
> +
> +Why not create a custom hook for each kind of action?
> +-----------------------------------------------------
> +
> +Landlock programs can handle these checks. Adding more exceptions to the
> +kernel code would lead to more code complexity. A decision to ignore a kind of
> +action can and should be done at the beginning of a Landlock program.
> +
> +
> +Why a program does not return an errno or a kill code?
> +------------------------------------------------------
> +
> +seccomp filters can return multiple kind of code, including an errno value or a
kinds
> +kill signal, which may be convenient for access control. Those return codes
> +are hardwired in the userland ABI. Instead, Landlock's approach is to return a
> +boolean to allow or deny an action, which is much simpler and more generic.
> +Moreover, we do not really have a choice because, unlike to seccomp, Landlock
> +programs are not enforced at the syscall entry point but may be executed at any
> +point in the kernel (through LSM hooks) where an errno return code may not make
> +sense. However, with this simple ABI and with the ability to call helpers,
> +Landlock may gain features similar to seccomp-bpf in the future while being
> +compatible with previous programs.
> diff --git a/Documentation/security/landlock/user.rst b/Documentation/security/landlock/user.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..14c4f3b377bd
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/security/landlock/user.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
> +================================
> +Landlock: userland documentation
> +================================
> +
> +Landlock programs
> +=================
> +
> +eBPF programs are used to create security programs. They are contained and can
> +call only a whitelist of dedicated functions. Moreover, they can only loop
> +under strict conditions, which protects from denial of service. More
> +information on BPF can be found in *Documentation/networking/filter.txt*.
> +
> +
> +Writing a program
> +-----------------
> +
> +To enforce a security policy, a thread first needs to create a Landlock program.
> +The easiest way to write an eBPF program depicting a security program is to write
> +it in the C language. As described in *samples/bpf/README.rst*, LLVM can
> +compile such programs. Files *samples/bpf/landlock1_kern.c* and those in
> +*tools/testing/selftests/landlock/* can be used as examples.
> +
> +Once the eBPF program is created, the next step is to create the metadata
> +describing the Landlock program. This metadata includes an expected attach type which
> +contains the hook type to which the program is tied, and expected attach
> +triggers which identify the actions for which the program should be run.
> +
> +A hook is a policy decision point which exposes the same context type for
> +each program evaluation.
> +
> +A Landlock hook describes the kind of kernel object for which a program will be
> +triggered to allow or deny an action. For example, the hook
> +BPF_LANDLOCK_FS_PICK can be triggered every time a landlocked thread performs a
> +set of action related to the filesystem (e.g. open, read, write, mount...).
actions
> +This actions are identified by the `triggers` bitfield.
> +
> +The next step is to fill a :c:type:`struct bpf_load_program_attr
> +<bpf_load_program_attr>` with BPF_PROG_TYPE_LANDLOCK_HOOK, the expected attach
> +type and other BPF program metadata. This bpf_attr must then be passed to the
> +:manpage:`bpf(2)` syscall alongside the BPF_PROG_LOAD command. If everything
> +is deemed correct by the kernel, the thread gets a file descriptor referring to
> +this program.
> +
> +In the following code, the *insn* variable is an array of BPF instructions
> +which can be extracted from an ELF file as is done in bpf_load_file() from
> +*samples/bpf/bpf_load.c*.
A little confusing. Is there a mixup of <insn> and <insns>?
> +
> +.. code-block:: c
> +
> + int prog_fd;
> + struct bpf_load_program_attr load_attr;
> +
> + memset(&load_attr, 0, sizeof(struct bpf_load_program_attr));
> + load_attr.prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_LANDLOCK_HOOK;
> + load_attr.expected_attach_type = BPF_LANDLOCK_FS_PICK;
> + load_attr.expected_attach_triggers = LANDLOCK_TRIGGER_FS_PICK_OPEN;
> + load_attr.insns = insns;
> + load_attr.insns_cnt = sizeof(insn) / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);
> + load_attr.license = "GPL";
> +
> + prog_fd = bpf_load_program_xattr(&load_attr, log_buf, log_buf_sz);
> + if (prog_fd == -1)
> + exit(1);
> +
> +
> +Enforcing a program
> +-------------------
> +
> +Once the Landlock program has been created or received (e.g. through a UNIX
> +socket), the thread willing to sandbox itself (and its future children) should
> +perform the following two steps.
> +
> +The thread should first request to never be allowed to get new privileges with a
> +call to :manpage:`prctl(2)` and the PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS option. More
> +information can be found in *Documentation/prctl/no_new_privs.txt*.
> +
> +.. code-block:: c
> +
> + if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, NULL, 0, 0))
> + exit(1);
> +
> +A thread can apply a program to itself by using the :manpage:`seccomp(2)` syscall.
> +The operation is SECCOMP_PREPEND_LANDLOCK_PROG, the flags must be empty and the
> +*args* argument must point to a valid Landlock program file descriptor.
> +
> +.. code-block:: c
> +
> + if (seccomp(SECCOMP_PREPEND_LANDLOCK_PROG, 0, &fd))
> + exit(1);
> +
> +If the syscall succeeds, the program is now enforced on the calling thread and
> +will be enforced on all its subsequently created children of the thread as
> +well. Once a thread is landlocked, there is no way to remove this security
> +policy, only stacking more restrictions is allowed. The program evaluation is
> +performed from the newest to the oldest.
> +
> +When a syscall ask for an action on a kernel object, if this action is denied,
asks
> +then an EACCES errno code is returned through the syscall.
> +
> +
> +.. _inherited_programs:
> +
> +Inherited programs
> +------------------
> +
> +Every new thread resulting from a :manpage:`clone(2)` inherits Landlock program
> +restrictions from its parent. This is similar to the seccomp inheritance as
> +described in *Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt*.
> +
> +
> +Ptrace restrictions
> +-------------------
> +
> +A landlocked process has less privileges than a non-landlocked process and must
> +then be subject to additional restrictions when manipulating another process.
> +To be allowed to use :manpage:`ptrace(2)` and related syscalls on a target
> +process, a landlocked process must have a subset of the target process programs.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Maybe that last statement is correct, but it seems to me that it is missing something.
> +
> +
> +Landlock structures and constants
> +=================================
> +
> +Hook types
> +----------
> +
> +.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
> + :functions: landlock_hook_type
> +
> +
> +Contexts
> +--------
> +
> +.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
> + :functions: landlock_ctx_fs_pick landlock_ctx_fs_walk landlock_ctx_fs_get
> +
> +
> +Triggers for fs_pick
> +--------------------
> +
> +.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
> + :functions: landlock_triggers
> +
> +
> +Additional documentation
> +========================
> +
> +See https://landlock.io
>
--
~Randy
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