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Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2016 19:05:20 -0500
From: Daniel Micay <danielmicay@...il.com>
To: kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 3/4] Make static usermode helper
binaries constant
> Thanks for the explanation. I don't think we need to worry about
> merging these strings, but I'll keep it in mind.
>
> However, the "folklore" of the kernel was to never do:
> char *foo = "bar";
> but instead do:
> char foo[] = "bar";
> to save on the extra variable that the former creates. Is that no
> longer the case and we really should be using '*' to allow gcc to be
> smarter about optimizations?
>
> > The 'const' qualifier for pointers doesn't really do anything, it's
> > when
> > it's used on the variable (after the pointer) that it can do more
> > than
> > acting as a programming guide.
>
> Many thanks for the explanations,
>
> greg k-h
Can see what the compiler has to work with pretty easily from LLVM IR:
char *const constant_string_constant = "string";
char *const constant_string_constant2 = "string";
char *non_constant_string_constant = "string";
char *non_constant_string_constant2 = "string";
char non_constant_string_array[] = "string";
char non_constant_string_array2[] = "string";
const char constant_string_array[] = "string";
const char constant_string_array2[] = "string";
Becomes:
@.str = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@constant_string_constant = constant i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), align 8
@constant_string_constant2 = constant i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_constant = global i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_constant2 = global i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_array = global [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@non_constant_string_array2 = global [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@constant_string_array = constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@constant_string_array2 = constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
And with optimization:
@constant_string_constant = local_unnamed_addr constant i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @constant_string_array, i64 0, i64 0), align 8
@constant_string_constant2 = local_unnamed_addr constant i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @constant_string_array, i64 0, i64 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_constant = local_unnamed_addr global i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @constant_string_array, i64 0, i64 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_constant2 = local_unnamed_addr global i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @constant_string_array, i64 0, i64 0), align 8
@non_constant_string_array = local_unnamed_addr global [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@non_constant_string_array2 = local_unnamed_addr global [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@constant_string_array = local_unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
@constant_string_array2 = local_unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
If they're static though, the compiler can see that nothing takes the
address (local_unnamed_addr == unnamed_addr if it's internal) so it
doesn't need separate variables anyway:
static char *const constant_string_constant = "string";
static char *const constant_string_constant2 = "string";
char *foo() {
return constant_string_constant;
}
char *bar() {
return constant_string_constant2;
}
Becomes (with optimization):
@.str = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"string\00", align 1
; Function Attrs: norecurse nounwind readnone uwtable
define i8* @foo() local_unnamed_addr #0 {
ret i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i64 0, i64 0)
}
; Function Attrs: norecurse nounwind readnone uwtable
define i8* @bar() local_unnamed_addr #0 {
ret i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8], [7 x i8]* @.str, i64 0, i64 0)
}
So for statics, I think `static const char *` wins due to allowing
merging (although it doesn't matter here). For non-statics, you end up
with extra pointer constants. Those could get removed, but Linux doesn't
have -fvisibility=hidden and I'm not sure how clever linkers are. Maybe
setting up -fvisibility=hidden to work with monolithic non-module-
enabled builds could actually be realistic. Expect it'd remove a fair
bit of bloat but not sure how much would need to be marked as non-hidden
other than the userspace ABI.
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