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Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 02:18:33 -0400
From: Demi Marie Obenour <demi@...isiblethingslab.com>
To: Open Source Software Security <oss-security@...ts.openwall.com>
Subject: GnuPG signature spoofing via status line injection
# Background
After discovering that gpgv does not support
--exit-on-status-write-error, I decided to check if it handles write
errors on the status file descriptor properly. I ultimately found that
while such errors are *not* handled properly, exploiting this flaw in
practice would likely be very difficult and unreliable. However, in the
course of this research (and entirely accidentally), I found that if a
signature has a notation with a value of 8192 spaces, gpg will crash
while writing the notation’s value to the status FD. This turned out to
be a far more severe flaw, with consequences including the ability to
make a signature that will appear to be ultimately valid and made by a
key with any fingerprint one wishes.
# Prerequisites for exploitation
For an attack to be possible, the attacker must control the secret part
of at least one key in the victim's keyring. The key does *not* need to
be trusted, however. Depending on the calling code, the attack may work
even if the key is revoked or the signature is expired. However, if the
program requires that *all* signatures be valid (instead of merely *any*
signature being valid), then a revoked or expired key cannot be used.
Additionally the code calling GnuPG must either not read status data
until end of file, or satisfy both of the following:
- It uses a lax parser that is tolerant of invalid status lines.
- It does not treat a non-zero exit code from GnuPG as an error.
It turns out that gpgme satisfies both requirements, so programs using
gpgme are vulnerable. Since gpgme is the recommended way to use GnuPG
from a program, I believe that the number of applications that are
vulnerable is very large.
# Impact
If the attacker controls the secret part of any signing-capable key or
subkey in the victim's keyring, they can provide a correctly-formed
signature that some software, including gpgme, will believe to have a
validity and signer fingerprint of the attacker's choosing. The
consequences of this are highly application-dependent, but are likely to
be serious. In an email client, this could allow spoofing emails, while
in a system using key fingerprints for access control, this could allow
for an access control bypass.
# Solution
I recommend cherry-picking upstream commit
34c649b3601383cd11dbc76221747ec16fd68e1b, which can be found at
https://dev.gnupg.org/rG34c649b3601383cd11dbc76221747ec16fd68e1b.
Afterwards, it will be necessary to rebuild and reinstall GnuPG. No
security advisory has been issued by upstream, no patch release is
planned, and no CVE has (to my knowledge) been requested. Distributions
will need to carry this as an out-of-tree patch until the next upstream
release is made. For those using GnuPG on Windows, the only solution
will be to build from source.
This does not fix the handling of write errors on the status file
descriptor. However, I believe that exploiting the mishandling of such
errors is not feasable in general. On the other hand, the out of bounds
read can be reliably exploited.
# Proof of concept
I have attached a public key, a revoked version of that key, and two
signatures made by the key. Both signatures are of the empty string;
you can pass /dev/null if the program takes a file instead.
simple-exploit-sig.asc will not work if the key is revoked or expired,
while revoked-exploit-sig.asc *may* work even if the key is revoked or
expired.
# Details
## The bug
GnuPG does not provide an OpenPGP or S/MIME library. Instead, gpg,
gpgv, and gpgsm all support writing machine-readable text to a
user-provided file descriptor, which is set via the --status-fd
command-line argument. Other programs and libraries then parse this
output to extract information about what GnuPG has done.
In the case of gpg and gpgv, all status output goes through one of the
functions in g10/cpr.c. The one of interest here is
write_status_text_and_buffer(), of which the relevant part is reproduced
below.
356 do
357 {
358 if (dowrap)
359 {
360 es_fprintf (statusfp, "[GNUPG:] %s ", text);
361 count = dowrap = 0;
362 if (first && string)
363 {
364 es_fputs (string, statusfp);
365 count += strlen (string);
366 /* Make sure that there is a space after the string. */
367 if (*string && string[strlen (string)-1] != ' ')
368 {
369 es_putc (' ', statusfp);
370 count++;
371 }
372 }
373 first = 0;
374 }
375 for (esc=0, s=buffer, n=len; n && !esc; s++, n--)
376 {
377 if (*s == '%' || *(const byte*)s <= lower_limit
378 || *(const byte*)s == 127 )
379 esc = 1;
380 if (wrap && ++count > wrap)
381 {
382 dowrap=1;
383 break;
384 }
385 }
386 if (esc)
387 {
388 s--; n++;
389 }
390 if (s != buffer)
391 es_fwrite (buffer, s-buffer, 1, statusfp);
392 if ( esc )
393 {
394 es_fprintf (statusfp, "%%%02X", *(const byte*)s );
395 s++; n--;
396 }
397 buffer = s;
398 len = n;
399 if (dowrap && len)
400 es_putc ('\n', statusfp);
401 }
402 while (len);
When writing the data of a notation subpacket, GnuPG requests that
write_status_text_and_buffer() wrap the output at 50 bytes if the
notation is marked as human-readable, or 250 bytes otherwise. ‘buffer’
points to the (unsanitized) notation data, and ‘length’ is the length of
that data. For the subsequent discussion, I will only consider
human-readable notations. Adapting the exploit to use binary notations
is easy and is left as an exercise for the reader.
If byte 50 needs escaping, esc will be set to 1 on line 379, causing the
loop to exit. Line 388 will undo the effect of the s++, n-- on line
375, but this will in turn be undone by line 395. Therefore, line 397
will increase `buffer` by 50.
Now suppose the next byte also needs escaping. This time, line 380 will
break out of the loop, so the s++, n-- on line 375 will be skipped.
However, the s--; n++ on line 388 will still run, so s is now one *less*
than buffer. Subtracting them will thus return -1, which becomes
SIZE_MAX when converted to size_t. As a result, es_fwrite() will try to
write the rest of the address space to the status stream, starting with
byte 51 of the notation data.
## Exploitation
The result of the bug is that es_fwrite() will write bytes to the status
stream (with no escaping) until it hits unmapped memory and segfaults.
The first bytes written, in particular, come from the notation data
itself. Therefore, they are fully controlled by the attacker. The only
restriction is that the first byte must be one that needs to be escaped,
but this turns out to be no restriction at all.
Suppose that the the first byte injected is a newline. At this point,
the status stream is at the start of a line, and the attacker can append
any bytes of their choice to it. A good choice for the attacker would be:
[GNUPG:] VALIDSIG $subkey_fpr $date $timestamp 0 4 0 22 10 00 $primary_key_fpr
[GNUPG:] TRUST_ULTIMATE 0 pgp
Here $subkey_fpr should be replaced with the desired subkey fingerprint,
$date with the desired signing date, $timestamp with the desired
timestamp, and $primary_key_fpr with the desired primary key
fingerprint. Obviously, the fingerprints can be those of *any* key, or
even ones (such as 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000) that do not
correspond to a real key. TRUST_ULTIMATE tells the calling program that
the key is ultimately valid.
Following the notation data, gpg will write a bunch more garbage from
its heap before it eventually segfaults. This garbage is not valid
status data, but it turns out that many programs do not care. Git stops
at the first NUL byte and gpgme ignores any line that does not start
with "[GNUPG:] ". Hence, this does not prevent exploitation.
# Timeline
- 2022-06-10: Message sent to security@...pg.org requesting encryption
keys for subsequent communication.
- 2022-06-10 through 2022-06-11: Message with encrypted subjects sent to
GnuPG Security Team. These messages are automatically discarded by
Werner Koch's email account.
- 2022-06-12: Message with unencrypted subject sent and received.
- 2022-06-13: Response asking for a specific case where a transient I/O
error can happen, and acknowledging that the out-of-bounds read is
real. Bug is not considered critical and so no immediate security
release is planned.
- 2022-06-13: I respond mentioning ENOMEM and socket errors as potential
transient write errors.
- 2022-06-14: Werner Koch commits 34c649b3601383cd11dbc76221747ec16fd68e1b
to the GnuPG git repository. From this commit, ticket T6027, and the
test signature attached to T6027, it is easy to reverse-engineer the
bug and create an exploit. There is no public mention that this is a
security problem.
- 2022-06-15: I followed up stating that it may be possible to control
the contents of the out-of-bounds memory and that this would make the
bug much more severe.
- 2022-06-17: Werner responds stating that he has doubts as to whether
this can be done easily, and noting that GPGME still needs to accept
the injected data.
- 2022-06-17: I state that I am able to inject arbitrary data into the
status output, and that the only reason Git is not vulnerable is
because GnuPG eventually segfaults.
- 2022-06-18: I state that I can make GPGME mark a signature as “valid
green” (the highest trust level) with whatever fingerprint I wish.
- 2022-06-19: Werner replies stating that he is not able to reproduce
the injection of arbitrary data into the status output, though he can
reproduce improper escaping.
- 2022-06-19: I state that the flaw is indeed less severe in git master.
- 2022-06-19: Via `git bisect`, I discover that
34c649b3601383cd11dbc76221747ec16fd68e1b is in fact the commit that
fixed the vulnerability, and that arbitrary injection into the status
line is possible on the immediately preceeding commit
4dbef2addca8c76fb4953fd507bd800d2a19d3ec. I provide a reproducer.
- 2022-06-22: I request that this be marked as a security vulnerability
and have a CVE assigned, and that an immediate security release be
made. I note exactly what an attacker who exploits this vulnerability
can do to a program relying on gpgme.
- 2022-06-29: As Werner Koch has stopped replyng to my emails, and since
there is still no public indication that GnuPG has a security
vulnerability (despite the patch already being public), I am publicly
disclosing the issue.
--
Sincerely,
Demi Marie Obenour (she/her/hers)
Invisible Things Lab
Download attachment "key-without-revocation.asc" of type "application/octet-stream" (1209 bytes)
View attachment "revocation-certificate.asc" of type "text/plain" (1936 bytes)
View attachment "simple-exploit-sig.asc" of type "text/plain" (659 bytes)
View attachment "revoked-exploit-sig.asc" of type "text/plain" (704 bytes)
Download attachment "signature.asc" of type "application/pgp-signature" (834 bytes)
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