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Date: Sun, 27 Mar 2022 17:39:59 -0700
From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@...nel.org>
To: oss-security@...ts.openwall.com
Subject: Re: zlib memory corruption on deflate (i.e. compress)
On Sun, Mar 27, 2022 at 12:42:55PM -0700, Eric Biggers wrote:
> On Sun, Mar 27, 2022 at 03:10:41PM +0300, ariel.byd@...il.com wrote:
> > If the match lengths are uniformly distributed between 3 and 258, you’ll get
> > exactly 8 bits per length - not less due to entropy considerations, not more
> > since N-3 is a valid Huffman encoding with 8 bits per character.
> >
> > Actually, maybe not. I think 258 can be encoded as either “284 31” or “285”,
> > and if the encoder always chooses the “285” encoding (leaving “284 31”
> > useless) you might have 257 characters, you might need some 9-bit characters.
> > I think it’s possible to bound that by 1/64 bit per character but I have not
> > proven it.
> >
> > Similarly for distances uniformly distributed between 1 and 32768.
> >
> > That’s a total of 23 bits per code.
> >
>
> Right, that's a better way to think about it. I was basically thinking about
> making the Huffman symbols equally likely, but it's "better" to just make the
> match lengths and distances equally likely.
>
> Length 258 can indeed be encoded two ways; however, zlib always uses one way.
>
> I wrote a patch (given below) to inject sequences of matches with random lengths
> and distances. These are the "best" results I got with the various memLevels:
>
> memLevel=9: 23.0188 bits/item
> memLevel=8: 23.0268 bits/item
> memLevel=7: 23.0399 bits/item
> memLevel=6: 23.0720 bits/item
> memLevel=5: 23.1285 bits/item
> memLevel=4: 23.2414 bits/item
> memLevel=3: 23.4521 bits/item
> memLevel=2: 23.8431 bits/item
> memLevel=1: OVERFLOW
>
> As expected, the block header becomes more significant with the lower memLevels.
> Interestingly, with memLevel=1, the bug is reproduced.
>
> Caveat: these are all assuming the default (and maximum) windowBits of 15, in
> order to maximize the cost of distances. That would basically correspond to
> 'deflateInit2(&z, <any>, Z_DEFLATED, 15, memLevel, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY)'. It may
> be common for people who decrease the default memLevel of 8 to also decrease the
> default windowBits of 15, as these sort of have similar effects. I.e.,
> memLevel=1 and windowBits=15 is probably not too common.
>
> Also, this isn't an actual reproducer; you would still need to craft an input
> that made zlib generate one of these sequences of matches whose lengths and
> distances are distributed uniformly at random. I expect that this would be
> harder with memLevel=1 than memLevel=8, but it might be possible.
I've attached a full reproducer that works with the following parameters:
level=7 (also 8 and 9)
windowBits=15
memLevel=1
strategy=Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY
i.e.,
deflateInit2(&strm, 7, Z_DEFLATED, 15, 1, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
With ASAN, it generates a warning like Tavis's reproducer with Z_FIXED did.
Note, this is very sensitive to the specific parameters chosen, especially the
memLevel of 1 which I expect is not very commonly used. With memLevel=1, zlib
only uses very short blocks, so it's possible for the block header to bring the
average match cost above the 24 bits needed to hit the bug. I'm not seeing a
way for the bug to be reachable with much higher memLevels, notably the default
memLevel of 8; as far as I can tell, the average match cost can't be much over
23 bits in that case.
- Eric
View attachment "deflate.c" of type "text/plain" (818 bytes)
View attachment "repro_7_15_1_DEFAULTSTRATEGY.txt" of type "text/plain" (48192 bytes)
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