YubiHSM pros Similar purpose, thus the right threat model Per key permission flags No custom OS kernel level driver required (USB CDC) Well-documented APIs, sample code Low cost ($500; other HSMs may be $10k to 20k EUR) You need at least two for redundancy Independent formal analysis of the Yubikey protocol "YubiSecure? Formal Security Analysis Results for the Yubikey and YubiHSM" by Robert Künnemann and Graham Steel, INRIA Assumes "that the implementation is correct with respect to the documentation" Found an oversight, which Yubico has since released a security advisory on